{"date_created":"2025-04-16T12:38:21Z","user_id":"83781","department":[{"_id":"DEP5023"}],"status":"public","intvolume":"        70","publisher":"IEEE","abstract":[{"text":"For environmental, sustainable economic and political reasons, recycling processes are becoming increasingly important, aiming at a much higher use of secondary raw materials. Currently, for the copper and aluminum industries, no method for the non-destructive online analysis of heterogeneous materials is available. The prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) has the potential to overcome this challenge. A difficulty when using PGNAA for online classification arises from the small amount of noisy data, due to short-term measurements. In this case, classical evaluation methods using detailed peak by peak analysis fail. Therefore, we propose to view spectral data as probability distributions. Then, we can classify material using maximum log-likelihood with respect to kernel density estimation and use discrete sampling to optimize hyperparameters. For measurements of pure aluminum alloys we achieve near-perfect classification of aluminum alloys under 0.25 s.","lang":"eng"}],"place":"New York, NY","publication":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","type":"scientific_journal_article","page":"1171-1177","year":"2023","_id":"12811","doi":"10.1109/tns.2023.3242626","title":"PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations","publication_status":"published","keyword":["Classification of metal","kernel density estimation","maximum log-likelihood","online classification","prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) spectral classification","random sampling"],"external_id":{"isi":["WOS:001012981300044"]},"date_updated":"2025-04-16T12:41:40Z","author":[{"first_name":"Helmand","id":"79365","full_name":"Shayan, Helmand","last_name":"Shayan"},{"first_name":"Kai","last_name":"Krycki","full_name":"Krycki, Kai"},{"full_name":"Doemeland, Marco","last_name":"Doemeland","first_name":"Marco"},{"first_name":"Markus","id":"71761","full_name":"Lange-Hegermann, Markus","last_name":"Lange-Hegermann"}],"citation":{"chicago-de":"Shayan, Helmand, Kai Krycki, Marco Doemeland und Markus Lange-Hegermann. 2023. PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations. <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i> 70, Nr. 6: 1171–1177. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626\">10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>, .","havard":"H. Shayan, K. Krycki, M. Doemeland, M. Lange-Hegermann, PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 70 (2023) 1171–1177.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Shayan, Helmand</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Krycki, Kai</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Doemeland, Marco</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Lange-Hegermann, Markus</span>: PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations. In: <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i> Bd. 70. New York, NY, IEEE (2023), Nr. 6, S. 1171–1177","chicago":"Shayan, Helmand, Kai Krycki, Marco Doemeland, and Markus Lange-Hegermann. “PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i> 70, no. 6 (2023): 1171–77. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626\">https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>.","short":"H. Shayan, K. Krycki, M. Doemeland, M. Lange-Hegermann, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 70 (2023) 1171–1177.","bjps":"<b>Shayan H <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations. <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i> <b>70</b>, 1171–1177.","ieee":"H. Shayan, K. Krycki, M. Doemeland, and M. Lange-Hegermann, “PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations,” <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i>, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 1171–1177, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626\">10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>.","mla":"Shayan, Helmand, et al. “PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i>, vol. 70, no. 6, 2023, pp. 1171–77, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626\">https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>.","ufg":"<b>Shayan, Helmand u. a.</b>: PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations, in: <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i> 70 (2023), H. 6,  S. 1171–1177.","apa":"Shayan, H., Krycki, K., Doemeland, M., &#38; Lange-Hegermann, M. (2023). PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations. <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i>, <i>70</i>(6), 1171–1177. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626\">https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>","ama":"Shayan H, Krycki K, Doemeland M, Lange-Hegermann M. PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations. <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i>. 2023;70(6):1171-1177. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2023.3242626\">10.1109/tns.2023.3242626</a>","van":"Shayan H, Krycki K, Doemeland M, Lange-Hegermann M. PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2023;70(6):1171–7."},"issue":"6","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1558-1578"],"issn":["0018-9499"]},"volume":70}